Cervical Cancer
For cervical cancer, surgery, chemoradiation, and screening-prevention approaches are coordinated as a personalized plan across our accredited network.
What is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer forms from the uncontrolled growth of cells in the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The vast majority are linked to HPV (human papillomavirus) infection.
It is one of the most preventable and early-detectable cancers thanks to regular screening (Pap/HPV test) and the HPV vaccine.
What are the types of cervical cancer?
Main types:
Causes and risk factors
The core cause is persistent HPV infection:
- High-risk HPV infection
- Early sexual activity and multiple partners
- Smoking
- Conditions that suppress the immune system (e.g., HIV)
- Not getting regular screening
- Long-term oral contraceptive use
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
Usually no symptoms early on; as it advances:
- Bleeding after intercourse or between periods
- Post-menopausal bleeding
- Unusual, foul-smelling vaginal discharge
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
- Leg swelling, urinary/bowel complaints in advanced disease
What are the stages of cervical cancer?
Staging is based on spread:
How is cervical cancer diagnosed?
Diagnosis is made with screening and biopsy:
- Pap smear and HPV test
- Colposcopy to examine the cervix under magnification
- Cervical biopsy and, if needed, conization
- Pathological examination
Imaging methods in cervical cancer
For staging and assessing spread:
- Pelvic MRI (tumor extent)
- PET-CT (lymph node and distant spread)
- Abdomen-chest CT
- Cystoscopy/rectoscopy (in selected cases)
Cervical cancer treatment methods
Treatment is planned by stage:
Every patient and every tumor is different
No single treatment is right for everyone; the best plan depends on your exact diagnosis, stage, and tumor characteristics. At National Cancer Alliance, we arrange a free second opinion from board-certified oncologists to review your case.
Prognosis and survival rates
Early diagnosis greatly improves prognosis in cervical cancer. In early disease confined to the cervix, 5-year survival is over about 90%; it falls as spread increases.
Screening programs and the HPV vaccine have significantly reduced the incidence and deaths from this cancer. In early stage, fertility can be preserved in suitable patients.
How to reduce cervical cancer risk
This cancer is largely preventable:
- Getting the HPV vaccine (ideally before sexual activity)
- Regular screening with Pap and HPV tests
- Avoiding smoking
- Protection against sexually transmitted infections
Frequently asked questions
Does HPV always cause cancer?
No. Most HPV infections clear on their own; only persistent high-risk types can lead to cancer over time.
Do I still need screening if vaccinated?
Yes. Since the HPV vaccine does not cover all types, vaccinated people should still get regular screening.
Can I have children after early-stage treatment?
In very early stage, fertility-sparing surgery (trachelectomy) may be possible in suitable patients.
Should I get a second opinion?
The choice between surgery and chemoradiation depends on stage; an independent review helps define the best plan.
Ready for a plan built around you?
Start with a free, no-obligation second opinion from a board-certified oncologist. Have your case reviewed and every option explained clearly.
Get a FREE Second OpinionThis page provides general information about cervical cancer; it is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All treatments are provided by independent, accredited hospitals and licensed physicians. Your treatment decision should be made by a qualified physician based on your individual situation.